𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑

𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑

𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑
𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑; ; 𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑
·𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑑𐑲𐑐	𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑
·𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑱𐑑𐑼	·𐑮𐑪𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑛 ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛
𐑑𐑲𐑥 𐑐𐑽𐑾𐑛	1960—𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑟𐑩𐑯𐑑
·𐑛𐑦𐑮𐑧𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯	·𐑤𐑧𐑓𐑑-𐑑-𐑮𐑲𐑑
·𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡𐑩𐑟	·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖, ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴
·𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑𐑕
𐑗𐑲𐑤𐑛 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥𐑟	·𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑, ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, ·𐑕𐑱𐑝𐑩
·𐑲𐑕𐑴 15924
·𐑲𐑕𐑴 15924	·𐑖𐑷 (281), ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 (·𐑖𐑷)
·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛
𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑱𐑤𐑾𐑕	·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯
·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑮𐑱𐑯𐑡	·𐑿+10450–·𐑿+1047·𐑓
	𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑸𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑱𐑯𐑟 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑼𐑯𐑨𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 ·𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 (·𐑦𐑐𐑩). 𐑓 𐑩𐑯 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑳𐑒𐑑𐑼𐑦 𐑜𐑲𐑛 𐑪𐑯 ·𐑦𐑐𐑩 𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑚𐑩𐑤𐑟, 𐑕𐑰 ·𐑣𐑧𐑤𐑐:·𐑦𐑐𐑩. 𐑓 𐑞 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑚𐑦𐑑𐑢𐑰𐑯 [ ], / / 𐑯 ⟨ ⟩, 𐑕𐑰 ·𐑦𐑐𐑩 § ·𐑚𐑮𐑨𐑒𐑩𐑑𐑕 𐑯 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑛𐑦𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑟.

𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑸𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑱𐑯𐑟 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑑𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑑. 𐑢𐑦𐑞𐑬𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑪𐑐𐑼 𐑮𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑦𐑙 𐑕𐑩𐑐𐑹𐑑, 𐑿 𐑥𐑱 𐑕𐑰 𐑒𐑢𐑧𐑕𐑗𐑩𐑯 𐑥𐑸𐑒𐑕, 𐑚𐑪𐑒𐑕𐑩𐑟, 𐑹 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑚𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑧𐑛 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑑𐑼𐑟.

𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 (/'ʃeɪ𐑝𐑲ə𐑯/ ·𐑖𐑱-𐑝𐑰-ən;^[1] 𐑷𐑤𐑕𐑴 𐑯𐑴𐑯 𐑨𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑) 𐑦𐑟 𐑩 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑳𐑒𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑰𐑝𐑛 𐑨𐑟 𐑩 𐑢𐑱 𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑝𐑲𐑛 𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑤, 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑰𐑥𐑦𐑒 𐑹𐑔𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦 𐑓 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡 𐑑 𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑕 𐑞 𐑦𐑯𐑦𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑟 𐑯 𐑛𐑦𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑳𐑤𐑑𐑦𐑟 𐑝 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑿𐑟𐑦𐑙 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑦𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑐𐑪𐑕𐑑𐑿𐑥𐑩𐑕𐑤𐑦 𐑓𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑚𐑲 𐑯 𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑛 𐑭𐑓𐑑𐑼 ·𐑲𐑮𐑦𐑖 𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑮𐑲𐑑 ·𐑡𐑹𐑡 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑯 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑯𐑛 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑮𐑪𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑛 ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛.

𐑖𐑷 𐑕𐑧𐑑 𐑔𐑮𐑰 𐑥𐑱𐑯 𐑒𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑽𐑾 𐑓 𐑞 𐑯𐑿 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑦𐑑 𐑖𐑫𐑛 𐑚𐑰:

𐑨𐑑 𐑤𐑰𐑕𐑑 40 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟;
𐑨𐑟 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑨𐑟 𐑐𐑪𐑕𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 (𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑦𐑟, 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑖𐑫𐑛 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑩 1:1 𐑒𐑪𐑮𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑪𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑯𐑕 𐑑 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑰𐑥𐑟);
𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑑 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑑 𐑩𐑝𐑶𐑛 𐑞 𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑞 𐑯𐑿 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑟 𐑢𐑻 𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑤𐑦 𐑥𐑦𐑕𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑟.

𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟

𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑝 𐑔𐑮𐑰 𐑑𐑲𐑐𐑕 𐑝 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟: 𐑑𐑷𐑤 (𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑕𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑼), 𐑛𐑰𐑐 (𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑩 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑼) 𐑯 𐑖𐑹𐑑.^[2] 𐑷𐑤 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑚𐑳𐑑 𐑞 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑–𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼 𐑿 𐑸 𐑖𐑹𐑑. 𐑩𐑥𐑳𐑙 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕, 𐑞 𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑤𐑦𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑛𐑟 (𐑮, 𐑤) 𐑯 𐑯𐑱𐑟𐑩𐑤𐑟 (𐑥, 𐑯); 𐑞𐑰𐑟, 𐑞 𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑦𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 (𐑦, 𐑢) 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑣𐑧𐑙 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 (𐑣, ·𐑦𐑙) 𐑸 𐑛𐑦𐑮𐑲𐑝𐑛 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑰𐑗 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑔𐑮𐑵 𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑹 𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯. 𐑑𐑷𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑤𐑩𐑕 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕, 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑𐑦𐑙 ·𐑘𐑱 𐑘 𐑯 ·𐑣𐑳𐑙 𐑙. 𐑩 𐑑𐑷𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 180°, 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑑𐑷𐑤 𐑐𐑸𐑑 𐑯𐑬 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑙 𐑚𐑦𐑤𐑴 𐑞 𐑚𐑱𐑕𐑤𐑲𐑯, 𐑚𐑦𐑒𐑳𐑥𐑟 𐑩 𐑛𐑰𐑐 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼, 𐑮𐑧𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑟𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑒𐑪𐑮𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑪𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑙 𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑑 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕 (𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑 ·𐑣𐑭𐑣𐑭 𐑣). 𐑞𐑰𐑟 𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑐𐑺𐑟, 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑣𐑧𐑙 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕, 𐑸 𐑞 𐑕𐑱𐑥 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑸 𐑐𐑺𐑛 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑐𐑦𐑑𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑖𐑹𐑑𐑣𐑨𐑯𐑛. ·𐑨𐑓𐑮𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑑𐑕, 𐑕𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑩𐑤 𐑛𐑦𐑓𐑔𐑪𐑙𐑟, 𐑯 𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑸 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟. 𐑞 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑞𐑺𐑓𐑹 𐑑 𐑕𐑳𐑥 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑓𐑰𐑗𐑼𐑩𐑤.

	𐑑𐑷𐑤 𐑯 𐑛𐑰𐑐 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟:
𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼
·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑑𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑑	𐑐 𐑚		𐑑 𐑛		𐑒 𐑜		𐑓 𐑝		𐑔 𐑞
·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 (𐑥𐑱 𐑝𐑺𐑦, 𐑕𐑰 𐑚𐑦𐑤𐑴)	/𐑐/ /𐑚/		/𐑑/ /𐑛/		/𐑒/ /ɡ/		/𐑓/ /𐑝/		/θ/ /𐑛/
·𐑯𐑱𐑥/𐑦𐑜𐑟𐑭𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑤	𐑐𐑰𐑐 𐑚·𐑦𐑚		𐑑𐑪𐑑 𐑛𐑰𐑨𐑛		𐑒𐑦𐑒 g𐑨𐑜		𐑓𐑰 𐑝𐑬		𐑔igh 𐑔𐑱


	𐑕 𐑟		𐑖 𐑠		𐑗 𐑡		𐑘 𐑢		𐑙 𐑣
	/𐑟/ /𐑟/		/ʃ/ /ʒ/		/tʃ/ /dʒ/		/j/ /𐑢/		/ŋ/ /𐑣/
	𐑟𐑴 𐑟𐑵		𐑟𐑘𐑫𐑼 𐑥𐑱𐑩𐑟𐑘𐑫𐑼		𐑗𐑻𐑗 judge		𐑦ea 𐑢·𐑴𐑧		𐑣𐑵·𐑦𐑙 𐑣𐑩-𐑣𐑭
	·𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟:

	𐑤 𐑮		𐑥 𐑯		𐑦 𐑰		𐑧 𐑱		𐑨 𐑲
	/𐑤/ /𐑮/		/𐑥/ /𐑯/		/ɪ/ /iː/		/ɛ/ /eɪ/		/ae/ /aɪ/
	𐑤·𐑪𐑤 𐑮𐑹		𐑥𐑲𐑥𐑰 𐑯𐑳𐑯		𐑲𐑓 ea𐑑		𐑰gg 𐑩𐑡𐑦		𐑩𐑖 𐑲𐑕𐑧


	𐑩 𐑳		𐑪 𐑴		𐑫 𐑵		𐑬 𐑶		𐑭 𐑷
	/ə/ /ʌ/		/ɒ/ /oʊ/		/ʊ/ /uː/		/aʊ/ /ɔɪ/		/ɑː/ /ɔː/
	𐑩𐑛𐑵 𐑿𐑐		𐑴𐑯 oa𐑒		𐑢𐑵𐑤 𐑵𐑟𐑰		𐑵𐑑 𐑶𐑤		𐑩𐑣 𐑷𐑰
	·𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟:

		𐑸 𐑹		𐑺 𐑻		𐑼 𐑽		𐑾 𐑿
		/ɑːr/ /ɔːr/		/ɛər/ /ɜːr/		/ər/ /ɪər/		/𐑲ə/ /juː/
		𐑸𐑰 𐑹		𐑺 𐑻		𐑼𐑲𐑝𐑲 𐑽		Ia𐑯 𐑿

𐑞𐑺 𐑸 𐑯𐑴 𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑼𐑩𐑑 𐑳𐑐𐑼𐑒𐑱𐑕 𐑹 𐑤𐑴𐑼𐑒𐑱𐑕 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑨𐑟 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑; 𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑧𐑛 𐑝 𐑿𐑟𐑦𐑙 𐑒𐑨𐑐𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑤𐑲𐑟𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑑 𐑥𐑸𐑒 𐑐𐑮𐑪𐑐𐑼 𐑯𐑬𐑯𐑟, 𐑩 "𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑼-𐑛𐑪𐑑" (·) 𐑦𐑟 𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑕𐑑 𐑚𐑦𐑓𐑹 𐑩 𐑯𐑱𐑥. 𐑕𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑟 𐑸 𐑑𐑦𐑐𐑦𐑒𐑤𐑦 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑕𐑑𐑸𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑩 𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑼-𐑛𐑪𐑑, 𐑩𐑯𐑤𐑧𐑕 𐑦𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑳𐑞𐑼𐑢𐑲𐑟 𐑒𐑷𐑤𐑛 𐑓. 𐑷𐑤 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑐𐑳𐑙𐑒𐑗𐑵𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑯 𐑢𐑻𐑛 𐑕𐑐𐑱𐑕𐑦𐑙 𐑦𐑟 𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑦𐑤𐑼 𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑹𐑔𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦.^[2]

𐑰𐑗 𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑑𐑼 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑮𐑦𐑒𐑢𐑲𐑼𐑟 𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑩 𐑕𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑴𐑒 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑪𐑯 𐑐𐑱𐑐𐑼. 𐑞 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑿𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑤 𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑟 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑤𐑦𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑳𐑐 𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑕 𐑢𐑧𐑯 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑰𐑗 𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑑𐑼, 𐑞𐑳𐑕 𐑦𐑯𐑱𐑚𐑩𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑓𐑭𐑕𐑑𐑼 𐑴𐑝𐑼𐑷𐑤 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞𐑨𐑯 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑.

𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑓𐑪𐑤𐑴𐑟 𐑞 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑰𐑥𐑦𐑒 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑝 ·𐑮𐑦𐑕𐑰𐑝𐑛 ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑 𐑓 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑐𐑤𐑦𐑕𐑦𐑑𐑤𐑦 𐑦𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑝𐑴𐑒𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑒 "𐑮" 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑩𐑚𐑳𐑝 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟. 𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 𐑛𐑲𐑩𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑩𐑤 𐑝𐑺𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑝 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑒𐑨𐑯 𐑚𐑰 𐑮𐑧𐑜𐑿𐑤𐑼𐑤𐑦 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕𐑑 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙, 𐑚𐑳𐑑 𐑞𐑴𐑟 𐑣𐑵 𐑛𐑵 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑥𐑱𐑒 𐑕𐑻𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟, 𐑐𐑼𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑿𐑤𐑼𐑤𐑦 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟, 𐑓𐑲𐑯𐑛 𐑦𐑑 𐑛𐑦𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑳𐑤𐑑 𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑪𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑟 𐑕𐑐𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑱𐑯𐑾𐑕𐑤𐑦. 𐑓 𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑯𐑕, 𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 ·𐑯𐑹𐑔 ·𐑩𐑥𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑯 𐑛𐑲𐑩𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑕 𐑥𐑻𐑡 𐑭 /ɑː/ 𐑯 𐑪 /ɒ/ (𐑞 𐑓𐑭𐑞𐑼–𐑚𐑪𐑞𐑼 𐑥𐑻𐑡𐑼), 𐑞𐑴 𐑕𐑑𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑛 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑹𐑔𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦 𐑦𐑟 𐑩 𐑜𐑲𐑛.

𐑞𐑺 𐑦𐑟 𐑯𐑴 𐑩𐑚𐑦𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑦 𐑑 𐑦𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑑 𐑢𐑻𐑛 𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑧𐑕; 𐑣𐑬𐑧𐑝𐑼, 𐑦𐑯 𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 𐑒𐑱𐑕𐑩𐑟 𐑞 𐑮𐑦𐑛𐑳𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑧𐑕𐑑 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑦𐑟 𐑕𐑩𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑑 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑖 𐑢𐑻𐑛 𐑐𐑺𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑸 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑚𐑲 𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑧𐑕 𐑦𐑯 𐑕𐑐𐑴𐑒𐑩𐑯 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑒𐑹𐑕. 𐑓 𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑯𐑕, 𐑞 𐑯𐑬𐑯 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 /'kɒnvɪkt/ 𐑯 𐑞 𐑝𐑻𐑚 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 /kən'vɪkt/ 𐑒𐑨𐑯 𐑚𐑰 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑛 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 'kɒnvɪkt 𐑯 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 kənvɪkt, 𐑮𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑦𐑝𐑤𐑦.

𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑦, 𐑓𐑲𐑝 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑻𐑛𐑟 𐑸 𐑩𐑚𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑦𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑨𐑟 𐑕𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟. 𐑞 𐑢𐑻𐑛𐑟 𐑔𐑰 (𐑞), 𐑴𐑓 (𐑝), 𐑩𐑯𐑛 (𐑯), 𐑑𐑴 (𐑑), 𐑯 𐑪𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑓𐑹 (𐑓) 𐑸 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑕𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛.

𐑣𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑼𐑦

·𐑡𐑹𐑡 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷, 𐑞 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑼, 𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑯 𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑮𐑲𐑑, 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑩 𐑝𐑴𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑝 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑚𐑦𐑒𐑪𐑟 𐑦𐑑 𐑪𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑛𐑰𐑝𐑦𐑱𐑑𐑕 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑐𐑩𐑤. 𐑖𐑷 𐑣𐑨𐑛 𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑛 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 1926 𐑑 1939 𐑪𐑯 𐑞 BBC'𐑟 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑼𐑦 ·𐑒𐑩𐑥𐑦𐑑𐑦 𐑪𐑯 ·𐑕𐑐𐑴𐑒𐑩𐑯 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖, 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑤𐑵𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑕𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑩𐑤 𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑐𐑴𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑝 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙. 𐑣𐑰 𐑷𐑤𐑕𐑴 𐑯𐑿 ·𐑣𐑧𐑯𐑮𐑦 ·𐑕𐑢𐑰𐑑, 𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑱𐑑𐑼 𐑝 ·𐑒𐑳𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑑 ·𐑖𐑹𐑑𐑣𐑨𐑯𐑛 (𐑯 𐑩 𐑐𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑴𐑑𐑲𐑐 𐑓 𐑞 𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑑𐑼 𐑝 ·𐑣𐑧𐑯𐑮𐑦 ·𐑣𐑦𐑜𐑦𐑯𐑟), 𐑷𐑤𐑞𐑴 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑣𐑦𐑥𐑕𐑧𐑤𐑓 𐑓 𐑘𐑽𐑟 𐑮𐑴𐑑 𐑣𐑦𐑟 𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑼𐑦 𐑢𐑻𐑒𐑕 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑐𐑦𐑑𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑖𐑹𐑑𐑣𐑨𐑯𐑛. 𐑣𐑬𐑧𐑝𐑼, 𐑣𐑰 𐑓𐑬𐑯𐑛 𐑦𐑑𐑕 𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑦𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑓𐑮𐑳𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑱𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑨𐑟 𐑢𐑧𐑤 𐑯 𐑮𐑾𐑤𐑲𐑟𐑛 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑦𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑩 𐑕𐑵𐑑𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑕𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑓 𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑹𐑔𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦, 𐑥𐑱𐑒𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑳𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑥𐑩𐑑𐑽𐑾𐑤 𐑛𐑦𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑳𐑤𐑑 𐑯 𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑪𐑕𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑑 𐑑𐑲𐑐. 𐑖𐑷 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑼𐑛 𐑯 𐑨𐑛𐑝𐑩𐑒𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑩 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑹𐑥, 𐑯 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑒𐑷𐑤𐑛 𐑓 𐑩 𐑯𐑿 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑.^[3]

𐑷𐑤 𐑝 𐑣𐑦𐑟 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑼𐑩𐑕𐑑 𐑦𐑯 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑹𐑥 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑥𐑱𐑛 𐑒𐑤𐑽 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 𐑢𐑦𐑤 𐑝 𐑡𐑵𐑯 1950, 𐑦𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑝𐑦𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑥𐑱𐑛 𐑓 (·𐑲𐑟𐑩𐑒) ·𐑡𐑱𐑥𐑟 ·𐑐𐑦𐑑𐑥𐑩𐑯, 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑩 𐑜𐑮𐑭𐑯𐑑 𐑦𐑯 𐑱𐑛 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞 ·𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑒 ·𐑑𐑮𐑳𐑕𐑑𐑰, 𐑑 𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑨𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑩 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑓𐑪𐑤𐑴𐑦𐑙 ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 𐑛𐑧𐑔 𐑦𐑯 𐑯𐑴𐑝𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 1950, 𐑯 𐑭𐑓𐑑𐑼 𐑕𐑳𐑥 𐑤𐑰𐑜𐑩𐑤 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑿𐑑, 𐑞 ·𐑑𐑮𐑳𐑕𐑑𐑰 𐑩𐑯𐑬𐑯𐑕𐑑 𐑩 𐑢𐑻𐑤𐑛𐑢𐑲𐑛 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑑𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑑 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑯 𐑕𐑳𐑗 𐑩𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑱𐑥 𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕𐑦𐑙 𐑩 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑚𐑰 𐑩𐑯 𐑰𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑪𐑥𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑢𐑱 𐑝 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑯 𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡. 𐑩 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑕𐑑 𐑓 𐑞 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 𐑯𐑿 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑢𐑳𐑯 𐑚𐑲 𐑓𐑹 𐑐𐑰𐑐𐑩𐑤, 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑤𐑵𐑛𐑦𐑙 ·𐑮𐑪𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑛 ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑣𐑵 𐑣𐑨𐑛 𐑒𐑪𐑮𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑪𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑝𐑤𐑦 𐑢𐑦𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑓 𐑕𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑩𐑤 𐑘𐑽𐑟 𐑮𐑦𐑜𐑸𐑛𐑦𐑙 𐑕𐑳𐑗 𐑩𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑞𐑧𐑯 𐑩𐑐𐑶𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑑 𐑩𐑥𐑨𐑤𐑜𐑩𐑥𐑱𐑑 𐑞 𐑓𐑹 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑯𐑟 𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕 𐑞 𐑯𐑿 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑.^[4]

𐑛𐑿 𐑑 𐑞 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 𐑢𐑦𐑤, 𐑞 𐑑𐑮𐑳𐑕𐑑 𐑗𐑸𐑡𐑛 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑛𐑦𐑝𐑧𐑤𐑩𐑐𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑯𐑿 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑒𐑫𐑛 𐑩𐑓𐑹𐑛 𐑑 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑢𐑳𐑯 𐑚𐑫𐑒: 𐑩 𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 𐑐𐑤𐑱 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯, 𐑦𐑯 𐑩 𐑚𐑲-𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑒 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑚𐑴𐑔 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑯 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑟. (1962 𐑐𐑧𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑯 ·𐑚𐑫𐑒𐑕, ·𐑤𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑯). 𐑒𐑪𐑐𐑦𐑟 𐑢𐑻 𐑕𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑑 𐑥𐑱𐑡𐑼 𐑤𐑲𐑚𐑮𐑼𐑦𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖-𐑕𐑐𐑰𐑒𐑦𐑙 𐑒𐑳𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑦𐑟.

𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑 𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑩𐑗𐑼

·𐑚𐑦𐑑𐑢𐑰𐑯 1963 𐑯 1965, 8 𐑦𐑖𐑵𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑡𐑻𐑯𐑩𐑤, ·𐑖𐑷-𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑, 𐑢𐑻 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑫𐑕𐑑𐑼, ·𐑿𐑒𐑱 𐑞 𐑡𐑻𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑿𐑟𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, 𐑯 𐑥𐑳𐑗 𐑝 𐑞 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑕𐑩𐑚𐑥𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑦𐑯𐑔𐑿𐑟𐑦𐑨𐑕𐑑𐑕. 𐑦𐑯 𐑥𐑹 𐑮𐑰𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑘𐑽𐑟, 𐑞𐑺 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑚𐑰𐑯 𐑕𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑩𐑤 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑢𐑻𐑒𐑕 𐑝 𐑒𐑤𐑨𐑕𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑩𐑗𐑼 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑟𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑵 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯.

𐑞 𐑓𐑻𐑕𐑑, 𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑰𐑕𐑑 𐑦𐑯 2012, 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑞 𐑢𐑻𐑒𐑕 𐑝 ·𐑧𐑛𐑜𐑼 ·𐑨𐑤𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑴 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑲𐑑𐑩𐑤𐑛 ·𐑐𐑴 ·𐑥𐑰𐑑𐑕 ·𐑖𐑷: 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑧𐑛𐑜𐑼 ·𐑨𐑤𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑴, 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑑𐑦𐑥 ·𐑚𐑮𐑬𐑯. 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑚𐑫𐑒 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑝𐑲𐑩 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑚𐑫𐑒𐑕 𐑯 𐑣𐑨𐑛 𐑑𐑵 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑦𐑯 𐑦𐑑𐑕 𐑼𐑦𐑡𐑦𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑰𐑕. 𐑢𐑳𐑯, 𐑤𐑲𐑒 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯, 𐑣𐑨𐑛 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑕𐑲𐑛-𐑚𐑲-𐑕𐑲𐑛 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑦𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑝𐑩𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑯 𐑞 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑩 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯-𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯.

𐑞 𐑕𐑧𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑛, 𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑰𐑕𐑑 𐑦𐑯 2013, 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑩𐑯 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑕'𐑩𐑟 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛, 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑲𐑚𐑛 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑵 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑑𐑪𐑥𐑩𐑕 ·𐑔𐑻𐑥𐑩𐑯.^[5] 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑨𐑟 𐑩 ·𐑖𐑷-𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑯𐑴 𐑕𐑲𐑛-𐑚𐑲-𐑕𐑲𐑛 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑦𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑝𐑩𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑑. 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑓𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑢𐑻 𐑛𐑦𐑟𐑲𐑯𐑛 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑥𐑲𐑒𐑩𐑤 ·𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑕𐑩𐑯.

𐑦𐑯 2019, 𐑩 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑 𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑛 𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑡𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑕 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑖𐑷-𐑴𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑓𐑹𐑥 𐑚𐑲 𐑞 𐑢𐑧𐑚𐑕𐑲𐑑 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯.𐑦𐑯𐑓𐑴.^[6]

𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑜𐑮𐑰𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑

𐑕𐑳𐑥 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑜𐑮𐑰𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑟 𐑼𐑦𐑟𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑥𐑳𐑙 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑒𐑩𐑥𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑑𐑦 𐑦𐑯 𐑮𐑦𐑜𐑸𐑛 𐑑 𐑕𐑬𐑯𐑛–𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑩𐑕𐑲𐑯𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕, 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑚𐑰𐑯 𐑞 𐑑𐑪𐑐𐑦𐑒 𐑝 𐑓𐑮𐑰𐑒𐑢𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑸𐑜𐑿𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕. 𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑥𐑼𐑦𐑤𐑦, 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑣𐑨𐑟 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑯𐑛 𐑞 𐑩𐑤𐑧𐑡𐑛 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤 𐑝 𐑑𐑵 𐑐𐑺𐑟 𐑝 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟.^{[𐑕𐑲𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛]}

𐑣𐑭𐑣𐑭–·𐑣𐑳𐑙 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤

𐑞 𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 𐑓𐑮𐑰𐑒𐑢𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑜𐑮𐑰𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑝 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑣𐑨𐑟 𐑚𐑰𐑯 𐑴𐑝𐑼 𐑞 ·𐑣𐑭𐑣𐑭–·𐑣𐑳𐑙 𐑐𐑺. 𐑞 𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑙 𐑧𐑝𐑦𐑛𐑩𐑯𐑕 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤 𐑦𐑟 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟: 𐑞 𐑳𐑯𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑑 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 ·𐑣𐑭𐑣𐑭 𐑦𐑟 𐑛𐑰𐑐, 𐑢𐑲𐑤 𐑞 𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑑 ·𐑣𐑳𐑙, 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑩 𐑤𐑴𐑼 𐑐𐑩𐑟𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯, 𐑦𐑟 𐑑𐑷𐑤. 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑦𐑟 𐑪𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑕𐑿𐑥𐑛 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑩 𐑒𐑤𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑧𐑮𐑼 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕𐑑 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 𐑮𐑳𐑖𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯.^{[𐑕𐑲𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛]} 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤 𐑩𐑚𐑕𐑒𐑘𐑫𐑼𐑟 𐑞 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥 𐑝 𐑑𐑷𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑨𐑟 𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑤𐑩𐑕 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑯 𐑛𐑰𐑐 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑨𐑟 𐑝𐑶𐑕𐑑 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕.

𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑐𐑴𐑯𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑝 𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯, 𐑣𐑬𐑧𐑝𐑼, 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑞𐑨𐑑 ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑥𐑱 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑓 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑷𐑤-𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑳𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑕𐑦𐑙, 𐑞𐑴 𐑦𐑑 𐑕𐑰𐑥𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑝𐑻𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑕𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑩𐑤𐑴𐑯 𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑛 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑐𐑻𐑐𐑩𐑕 𐑦𐑯 𐑩𐑯 𐑻𐑤𐑽 𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯, 𐑚𐑦𐑓𐑹 𐑞 𐑮𐑴𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑢𐑻 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑿𐑕𐑑. 𐑷𐑤𐑕𐑴, ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑥𐑱 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑦 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑑 𐑞𐑰𐑟 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟, 𐑐𐑼𐑣𐑨𐑐𐑕 𐑑 𐑧𐑥𐑓𐑩𐑕𐑲𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑞𐑰𐑟 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑮𐑧𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑟𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑳𐑯𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑕𐑬𐑯𐑛𐑟, 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑣𐑨𐑐𐑩𐑯 𐑑 𐑩𐑒𐑻 𐑦𐑯 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑐𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑼𐑦 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑦𐑚𐑿𐑖𐑩𐑯.

𐑚𐑴𐑔 𐑕𐑲𐑛𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑛𐑦𐑚𐑱𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑮𐑰𐑟𐑩𐑯𐑟, 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑤𐑵𐑛𐑦𐑙 𐑩𐑕𐑴𐑖𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑝𐑺𐑾𐑕 𐑕𐑑𐑲𐑤𐑟 𐑝 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 (𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑤𐑦, 𐑞 ⟨g⟩ 𐑦𐑯 ⟨-𐑦𐑙⟩, 𐑪𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑩 𐑚𐑪𐑑𐑩𐑥-𐑤𐑵𐑐 𐑦𐑯 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑) 𐑯 𐑞 𐑦𐑓𐑧𐑒𐑑 𐑝 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼-𐑣𐑲𐑑 𐑪𐑯 𐑞 𐑒𐑴𐑕𐑑𐑤𐑲𐑯𐑟 𐑝 𐑢𐑻𐑛𐑟, 𐑚𐑳𐑑 𐑢𐑧𐑞𐑼 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑛𐑼𐑛 𐑧𐑯𐑦 𐑝 𐑞𐑰𐑟 𐑦𐑟 𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑑𐑩𐑯. 𐑕𐑦𐑯𐑕 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑮𐑧𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑟𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑕𐑱𐑥 𐑕𐑬𐑯𐑛 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛'𐑟 ·𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑩𐑐𐑽𐑟 𐑲𐑛𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑑 "𐑣𐑳𐑙", 𐑦𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑛𐑬𐑑𐑓𐑩𐑤 𐑞𐑨𐑑 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑑 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑑𐑢𐑲𐑕 𐑚𐑲 𐑥𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑱𐑒. 𐑲𐑞𐑼 𐑣𐑰 𐑷𐑤𐑢𐑱𐑟 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑖𐑱𐑐 𐑹 𐑣𐑰 𐑔𐑷𐑑 𐑦𐑑 𐑚𐑧𐑕𐑑 𐑑 𐑤𐑰𐑝 𐑔𐑦𐑙𐑟 𐑨𐑟 𐑞𐑱 𐑢𐑻, 𐑦𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑖𐑩𐑤𐑦 𐑨𐑟 𐑩 𐑒𐑼𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑩𐑛 ⟨·𐑦𐑙⟩ 𐑦𐑯 𐑣𐑱𐑕𐑑𐑦 𐑹 𐑒𐑺𐑤𐑩𐑕 𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑥𐑲𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑓𐑿𐑟𐑛 𐑢𐑦𐑞 ·𐑣𐑳𐑙 "𐑣".^{[𐑕𐑲𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛]}

𐑺–·𐑻 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑤

·𐑑𐑵 𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑸 𐑪𐑓𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑤𐑧𐑡𐑛 𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑚𐑰𐑯 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑑—𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤𐑦 𐑹 𐑯𐑪𐑑—𐑸 𐑞 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟 ·𐑺 "𐑺" 𐑯 ·𐑻 "𐑻".^[7]^{[𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑕𐑹𐑕 𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛]} 𐑞𐑱 𐑸 𐑚𐑴𐑔 𐑥𐑱𐑛 𐑳𐑐 𐑝 ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" 𐑯 𐑩𐑯 𐑳𐑯𐑯𐑴𐑯 𐑓𐑻𐑕𐑑 𐑐𐑸𐑑. 𐑩𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑑𐑕 𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑳𐑒𐑑 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑞 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 𐑖𐑱𐑐𐑕 𐑸 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑑, 𐑯 𐑥𐑱 𐑩𐑖𐑫𐑼 𐑩 𐑤𐑧𐑕 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑩𐑑𐑦𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑺 "𐑩", 𐑞𐑴 𐑞𐑦𐑕 𐑦𐑟 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑯𐑧𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑼𐑦.^[8]

𐑞𐑴 𐑞 𐑖𐑱𐑐 𐑝 ·𐑺 "𐑺" /ɛər/ 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑩 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑜𐑦𐑝 /ɜːr/), 𐑦𐑑𐑕 𐑯𐑱𐑥 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑩 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑲𐑞𐑼 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑩𐑑𐑦𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 [ɛər]) 𐑹 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑼𐑼𐑦 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 [ɛːr]).

𐑦𐑯 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑭𐑕𐑑, 𐑞 𐑯𐑱𐑥 𐑝 ·𐑻 "𐑻" /ɜːr/ 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑩 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑 "𐑺"), 𐑚𐑴𐑔 𐑚𐑦𐑒𐑪𐑟 𐑞 𐑒𐑤𐑴𐑕𐑩𐑕𐑑 𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑩𐑐𐑮𐑪𐑒𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑩𐑑𐑦𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 [ɜː] 𐑦𐑟 [ə] 𐑯 𐑚𐑦𐑒𐑪𐑟 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑼𐑼𐑦 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑦𐑟 [əː]. 𐑦𐑑𐑕 𐑖𐑱𐑐 𐑕𐑩𐑡𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑕 𐑩 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑲𐑞𐑼 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑩𐑛𐑵 "𐑩" /ə/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑤𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑦𐑙 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑩𐑑𐑦𐑝 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 [ɛər]) 𐑹 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑧𐑜 "𐑧" /ɛ/ + ·𐑮𐑹 "𐑮" /𐑮/ (𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑜𐑦𐑝 [ɛːr]).

·𐑮𐑰𐑛, 𐑚𐑰𐑦𐑙 𐑩 𐑤𐑲𐑒𐑤𐑦 RP 𐑕𐑐𐑰𐑒𐑼 𐑚𐑹𐑯 𐑦𐑯 1887, 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑷𐑤𐑥𐑴𐑕𐑑 𐑕𐑻𐑑𐑩𐑯𐑤𐑦 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑝 𐑣𐑨𐑛 𐑞 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑼𐑼𐑦 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑺, 𐑕𐑴 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑳𐑯𐑤𐑲𐑒𐑤𐑦 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑮𐑧𐑤𐑩𐑝𐑩𐑯𐑑. 𐑦𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑐𐑪𐑕𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑣𐑰 𐑩𐑐𐑮𐑪𐑒𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 ·𐑻 /ɜːr/ 𐑨𐑟 [ɛːr] (𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑑 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑣𐑦𐑟 [ɛər] 𐑓 ·𐑺) 𐑯 𐑓𐑤𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑞 𐑦𐑯𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑴𐑒 𐑝 ·𐑺 /ɛər/ 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑕𐑳𐑥𐑔𐑦𐑙 𐑤𐑲𐑒 "𐑸" 𐑑 "𐑺" 𐑕𐑴 𐑨𐑟 𐑑 𐑩𐑝𐑶𐑛 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑓𐑿𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑸 "𐑸", 𐑹 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑞 𐑣𐑲𐑐𐑪𐑔𐑦𐑕𐑲𐑟𐑛 𐑛𐑧𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑼𐑧𐑒𐑑 𐑯 𐑚𐑺 𐑯𐑴 𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑑 𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯.

𐑝𐑺𐑾𐑯𐑑𐑕

𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑

𐑕𐑳𐑥 𐑘𐑽𐑟 𐑭𐑓𐑑𐑼 𐑞 𐑦𐑯𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑐𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑑 𐑑 𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑱𐑑 ·𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑, 𐑷𐑤𐑕𐑴 𐑯𐑴𐑯 𐑨𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 𐑥𐑹 𐑿𐑕𐑓𐑩𐑤 𐑓 𐑣𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑲𐑑𐑦𐑙, 𐑯 𐑑 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑧𐑯𐑛 𐑦𐑟 𐑥𐑹 𐑒𐑻𐑕𐑦𐑝 𐑯 𐑿𐑟𐑩𐑟 𐑥𐑹 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟. 𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑦 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼 𐑓𐑹𐑥𐑟 𐑸 𐑮𐑳𐑓𐑤𐑦 𐑞 𐑕𐑱𐑥 𐑦𐑯 𐑚𐑴𐑔 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑕; 𐑕𐑰 𐑞 𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑼𐑩𐑑 𐑸𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑓 𐑥𐑹 𐑛𐑰𐑑𐑱𐑤𐑟.

𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴 (·𐑕𐑱𐑝𐑩 𐑭𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑴)

𐑩𐑯 𐑨𐑛𐑨𐑐𐑑𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑑 𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑞𐑼 𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡, ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴, 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑛𐑦𐑝𐑧𐑤𐑩𐑐𐑑 𐑚𐑲 ·𐑡𐑪𐑯 ·𐑢𐑧𐑕𐑤𐑦 ·𐑕𐑑𐑸𐑤𐑦𐑙; 𐑞𐑴 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑢𐑲𐑛𐑤𐑦 𐑿𐑟𐑛, 𐑨𐑑 𐑤𐑰𐑕𐑑 𐑢𐑳𐑯 𐑚𐑫𐑒𐑤𐑩𐑑 𐑣𐑨𐑟 𐑚𐑰𐑯 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑟𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑕𐑭𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑤 𐑑𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑑𐑕.^[9] 𐑨𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡 𐑦𐑟 𐑷𐑤𐑮𐑧𐑛𐑦 𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑤𐑛 𐑓𐑴𐑯𐑰𐑥𐑦𐑒𐑤𐑦, 𐑛𐑦𐑮𐑧𐑒𐑑 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑚𐑦𐑑𐑢𐑰𐑯 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯 𐑯 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑒𐑨𐑯 𐑚𐑰 𐑐𐑼𐑓𐑹𐑥𐑛, 𐑞𐑴 𐑕𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑨𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑓 𐑞 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑚𐑦𐑯𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑝 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑯 𐑯 𐑟 𐑯 𐑕𐑳𐑥 𐑒𐑪𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑢𐑻𐑛𐑟. 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑿𐑟 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑹𐑔𐑩𐑜𐑮𐑭𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑤𐑦 𐑦𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑝𐑩𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 (𐑲𐑰 𐑩 𐑰 𐑲 𐑴 𐑿), 𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑴 𐑯 𐑿 𐑸 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑑, 𐑨𐑟 𐑸 j 𐑯 𐑢. 𐑞 𐑵-𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑮𐑰𐑩𐑕𐑲𐑯𐑛 𐑑 𐑥 𐑯 𐑯, 𐑯 𐑞 𐑳𐑯𐑯𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑓 𐑔 𐑯 ·𐑦𐑙 𐑸 𐑩𐑕𐑲𐑯𐑛 𐑑 c 𐑯 𐑣.

𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑛𐑦𐑓𐑼 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞𐑺 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑝𐑨𐑤𐑿𐑟 𐑸 𐑥𐑸𐑒𐑑 𐑦𐑯 𐑚𐑴𐑤𐑛 𐑚𐑤𐑵.

	·𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑢𐑻𐑛𐑟
𐑕𐑱𐑝𐑩 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼	𐑨	𐑚	𐑔	𐑗	𐑛	𐑧	𐑓	𐑜	𐑡	𐑣	𐑙	𐑦	𐑢	𐑠
·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯	𐑩	𐑚	[𐑑𐑕]	[tʃ]	𐑛	𐑰	𐑓	[ɡ]	[dʒ]	𐑣	x	𐑲	j	[ʒ]
·𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑹𐑔𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦	𐑩	𐑚	c	c	𐑛	𐑰	𐑓	g	g	𐑣	𐑣	𐑲	j	j

	𐑒	𐑤	𐑫	𐑵	𐑩	𐑐	𐑮	𐑕	𐑖	𐑑	𐑪	𐑘	𐑝	𐑟
	𐑒	𐑤	𐑥	𐑯	𐑴	𐑐	𐑮	𐑟	[ʃ]	𐑑	𐑿	𐑢	𐑝	𐑟
	𐑒	𐑤	𐑥	𐑯	𐑴	𐑐	𐑮	𐑟	𐑟	𐑑	𐑿	𐑿	𐑝	𐑟

	𐑤𐑭	𐑒𐑭𐑡	𐑴

𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑

𐑦𐑯 1996, ·𐑐𐑷𐑤 ·𐑝𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑯𐑚𐑮𐑦𐑙𐑒 𐑛𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 𐑞 𐑕𐑧𐑤𐑓-𐑕𐑑𐑲𐑤𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, 𐑹 𐑞 ·𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑭𐑚𐑡𐑭𐑛, 𐑢𐑦𐑗 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑓𐑻𐑞𐑼 𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 𐑦𐑯 2001. 𐑦𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑚𐑱𐑕𐑑 𐑪𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑣𐑰𐑚𐑮𐑵 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑯 𐑥𐑱𐑒𐑕 𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑦 𐑗𐑱𐑯𐑡𐑩𐑟 𐑑 𐑞 𐑖𐑱𐑐𐑕 𐑯 𐑯𐑱𐑥𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟, 𐑞𐑴 𐑦𐑑 𐑦𐑟 𐑤𐑸𐑡𐑤𐑦 𐑳𐑯𐑯𐑴𐑯.^[10]

𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛

·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑨𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑑 𐑞 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑕𐑑𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑛 𐑦𐑯 𐑱𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑤 2003 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑰𐑕 𐑝 𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 4.0. ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴 𐑤𐑦𐑜𐑩𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑸 𐑯𐑪𐑑 𐑕𐑩𐑐𐑹𐑑𐑩𐑛.

𐑚𐑤𐑪𐑒

𐑞 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑚𐑤𐑪𐑒 𐑓 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑦𐑟 ·𐑿+10450–·𐑿+1047·𐑓 𐑯 𐑦𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑯 1 (𐑞 ·𐑕𐑳𐑐𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑑𐑼𐑦 ·𐑥𐑳𐑤𐑑𐑦𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑩𐑤 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑯).

·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯^[1] ·𐑩𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑹𐑑𐑾𐑥 𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑗𐑸𐑑 (·𐑐𐑛𐑓)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	𐑩	·𐑚	C	D	·𐑰	·𐑓
·𐑿+1045x	𐑐	𐑑	𐑒	𐑓	𐑔	𐑕	𐑖	𐑗	𐑘	𐑙	𐑚	𐑛	𐑜	𐑝	𐑞	𐑟
·𐑿+1046x	𐑠	𐑡	𐑢	𐑣	𐑤	𐑥	𐑦	𐑧	𐑨	𐑩	𐑪	𐑫	𐑬	𐑭	𐑮	𐑯
·𐑿+1047x	𐑰	𐑱	𐑲	𐑳	𐑴	𐑵	𐑶	𐑷	𐑸	𐑹	𐑺	𐑻	𐑼	𐑽	𐑾	𐑿
·𐑯𐑴𐑑𐑕 1.^ 𐑨𐑟 𐑝 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 16.0

𐑓𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑕

·𐑢𐑲𐑤 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑨𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑑 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 4.0 𐑦𐑯 2003, ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑓𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑸 𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑤 𐑒𐑢𐑲𐑑 𐑮𐑺. 𐑚𐑦𐑓𐑹 𐑦𐑑 𐑢𐑪𐑟 𐑕𐑑𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑛𐑲𐑟𐑛, 𐑓𐑪𐑯𐑑𐑕 𐑢𐑻 𐑥𐑱𐑛 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑤𐑵𐑛 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑕𐑩𐑟 𐑝 ·𐑮𐑴𐑥𐑩𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟, 𐑯/𐑹 𐑦𐑯 𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑜𐑮𐑰𐑛-𐑩𐑐𐑪𐑯 𐑤𐑴𐑒𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑝𐑩𐑑 𐑿𐑕 𐑺𐑾, 𐑨𐑤𐑩𐑒𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 𐑞 ·𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑮𐑧𐑡𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑦 𐑯 𐑯𐑬 𐑕𐑵𐑐𐑼𐑕𐑰𐑛𐑩𐑛 𐑚𐑲 𐑞 𐑩𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑕𐑑𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑛.

𐑕𐑰 𐑷𐑤𐑕𐑴

𐑮𐑧𐑓𐑼𐑩𐑯𐑕𐑩𐑟

^ ·𐑢𐑧𐑤𐑟, ·𐑡𐑪𐑯 C (2000). 𐑤𐑪𐑙𐑥𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑼𐑦. 𐑣𐑸𐑤𐑴, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: ·𐑐𐑽𐑕𐑩𐑯 ·𐑧𐑡𐑩𐑒𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛
^ ^𐑩 ^𐑚 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛, ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 (1963). "𐑒𐑳𐑝𐑼 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼". 𐑖𐑷-·𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑: 𐑞 ·𐑡𐑻𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑦𐑯 𐑩 ·𐑯𐑿 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑐. 1.
^ ·𐑢𐑦𐑤𐑕𐑩𐑯, ·𐑮𐑦𐑗𐑼𐑛 ·𐑨𐑤𐑚𐑼𐑑 (1941). 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑦𐑮𐑨𐑒𐑿𐑤𐑩𐑕 ·𐑚𐑻𐑔 𐑝 ·𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡. ·𐑤𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑯, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: JM ·𐑛𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑯 ·𐑕𐑳𐑯𐑟 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛 𐑐𐑡𐑟 ix–xxxvii.
^ ·𐑖𐑷, ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 (1962). 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯. 𐑣𐑸𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑛𐑟𐑢𐑼𐑔, ·𐑥𐑦𐑛𐑩𐑤𐑕𐑧𐑒𐑕, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: 𐑐𐑧𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑯 ·𐑚𐑫𐑒𐑕 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛 𐑐𐑡𐑟 9–11.
^ ·𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑤, ·𐑤𐑵𐑦𐑕 (𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2013). ·𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑕'𐑩𐑟 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛: 𐑩𐑯 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. ·𐑒𐑨𐑑𐑣𐑺 𐑯𐑭 ·𐑥𐑸𐑑: 𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑑𐑲𐑐. ·𐑦𐑟𐑚𐑯 978-1-78201-036-4.
^ ·𐑪𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑯, ·𐑡𐑱𐑯 (2019). 𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑛 𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑡𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑕 (·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯). 𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯.𐑦𐑯𐑓𐑴. ·𐑦𐑟𐑚𐑯 9780648570509.
^ ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑝𐑦𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑤𐑐𐑮𐑴𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑱𐑛 (19 𐑪𐑒𐑑𐑴𐑚𐑼 2023). "𐑞 𐑑𐑵 𐑕𐑥𐑷𐑤 𐑗𐑱𐑯𐑡𐑩𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑥𐑱𐑒 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑕𐑵𐑑𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑓 𐑥𐑨𐑕 𐑩𐑛𐑪𐑐𐑖𐑩𐑯". 𐑮/𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 28 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.
^ ·𐑤𐑦𐑯𐑛𐑟𐑦, ·𐑡𐑧𐑓 (8 𐑥𐑸𐑗 2012). "𐑞 ·𐑚𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑦𐑖 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥". ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑕𐑐𐑰𐑗 𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑟. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 28 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.
^ ·𐑕𐑑𐑸𐑤𐑦𐑙, ·𐑜𐑨𐑯 ·𐑿𐑧𐑕𐑤𐑦. "𐑤𐑭 ·𐑕𐑱𐑝𐑩 ·𐑭𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑴" [𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑]. ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴.𐑳𐑕 (𐑦𐑯 ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴). 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 18 𐑥𐑱 2022.
^ "𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑭𐑚𐑡𐑭𐑛". 𐑢𐑢.𐑪𐑥𐑯𐑦𐑜𐑤𐑪𐑑.𐑒𐑪𐑥. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 29 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.

𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑑𐑼𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑕

𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑢𐑧𐑚𐑕𐑲𐑑
·𐑘𐑭𐑣𐑵! 𐑜𐑮𐑵𐑐 𐑪𐑯 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑸𐑒𐑲𐑝𐑛 2013-09-05 𐑨𐑑 𐑞 ·𐑢𐑱𐑚𐑨𐑒 ·𐑥𐑩𐑖𐑰𐑯
·𐑪𐑥𐑯𐑦𐑜𐑤𐑪𐑑.𐑒𐑪𐑥 𐑸𐑑𐑦𐑒𐑩𐑤 𐑪𐑯 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯
·𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑, 𐑣𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑼𐑦, 𐑧𐑑𐑕
·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 𐑦𐑯𐑔𐑿𐑟𐑦𐑨𐑕𐑑 𐑢𐑧𐑚𐑕𐑲𐑑 & 𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑪𐑟𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑦
·𐑚𐑮𐑬𐑟𐑼 𐑑𐑧𐑕𐑑 𐑐𐑱𐑡 𐑓 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯
·𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 ·𐑮𐑧𐑡𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑮𐑦, 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑲𐑚𐑟 𐑳𐑯𐑩𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 𐑩𐑕𐑲𐑯𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 𐑝 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑿𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑴𐑛 𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑝𐑩𐑑 𐑿𐑕 𐑺𐑾 (·𐑕𐑦𐑯𐑕 𐑢𐑦𐑞𐑛𐑮𐑷𐑯 𐑦𐑯 𐑓𐑱𐑝𐑼 𐑝 𐑞 𐑩𐑓𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑤 𐑦𐑯𐑒𐑴𐑛𐑦𐑙)
·𐑤𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑩-·𐑧𐑯-·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑-·𐑖𐑷, 𐑩 ·𐑐𐑻𐑤 𐑥𐑪𐑡𐑵𐑤 𐑑 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑟𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑼𐑱𐑑
·𐑑𐑻𐑯 𐑘𐑹 𐑑𐑧𐑒𐑕𐑑 𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑵 fənɛtɪks 𐑣𐑽 𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑟 𐑩 ·𐑤𐑨𐑑𐑦𐑯-𐑑-·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑 𐑑𐑮𐑨𐑯𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑲𐑚𐑼 𐑓 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖.
𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯 𐑓𐑮𐑪𐑥 ·𐑡𐑹𐑡 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷, 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑖𐑑 1962 𐑑𐑩𐑜𐑧𐑞𐑼 𐑢𐑦𐑞 𐑞 𐑐𐑳𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑒𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑
·𐑐𐑴 ·𐑥𐑰𐑑𐑕 ·𐑖𐑷: 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑧𐑛𐑜𐑼 ·𐑨𐑤𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑴
·𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑕'𐑩𐑟 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛: 𐑩𐑯 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑

[1] ·𐑢𐑧𐑤𐑟, ·𐑡𐑪𐑯 C (2000). 𐑤𐑪𐑙𐑥𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑦𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑛𐑦𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯𐑼𐑦. 𐑣𐑸𐑤𐑴, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: ·𐑐𐑽𐑕𐑩𐑯 ·𐑧𐑡𐑩𐑒𐑱𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛

[Kingsley_Read_cover-2] 𐑩 ^𐑚 ·𐑮𐑰𐑛, ·𐑒𐑦𐑙𐑟𐑤𐑦 (1963). "𐑒𐑳𐑝𐑼 𐑤𐑧𐑑𐑼". 𐑖𐑷-·𐑕𐑒𐑮𐑦𐑐𐑑: 𐑞 ·𐑡𐑻𐑯𐑩𐑤 𐑦𐑯 𐑩 ·𐑯𐑿 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. 𐑐. 1.

[3] ·𐑢𐑦𐑤𐑕𐑩𐑯, ·𐑮𐑦𐑗𐑼𐑛 ·𐑨𐑤𐑚𐑼𐑑 (1941). 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑦𐑮𐑨𐑒𐑿𐑤𐑩𐑕 ·𐑚𐑻𐑔 𐑝 ·𐑤𐑨𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑡. ·𐑤𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑩𐑯, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: JM ·𐑛𐑧𐑯𐑑 𐑯 ·𐑕𐑳𐑯𐑟 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛 𐑐𐑡𐑟 ix–xxxvii.

[4] ·𐑖𐑷, ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 (1962). 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯. 𐑣𐑸𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑛𐑟𐑢𐑼𐑔, ·𐑥𐑦𐑛𐑩𐑤𐑕𐑧𐑒𐑕, ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛: 𐑐𐑧𐑙𐑜𐑢𐑦𐑯 ·𐑚𐑫𐑒𐑕 ·𐑤𐑑𐑛 𐑐𐑡𐑟 9–11.

[Shaw_Alice-5] ·𐑒𐑨𐑮𐑩𐑤, ·𐑤𐑵𐑦𐑕 (𐑕𐑧𐑐𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2013). ·𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑕'𐑩𐑟 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛: 𐑩𐑯 𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑐𐑮𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑩𐑛 𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑. ·𐑒𐑨𐑑𐑣𐑺 𐑯𐑭 ·𐑥𐑸𐑑: 𐑧𐑝𐑼𐑑𐑲𐑐. ·𐑦𐑟𐑚𐑯 978-1-78201-036-4.

[6] ·𐑪𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑯, ·𐑡𐑱𐑯 (2019). 𐑐𐑮𐑲𐑛 𐑯 ·𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑡𐑩𐑛𐑦𐑕 (·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑧𐑛𐑦𐑖𐑩𐑯). 𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯.𐑦𐑯𐑓𐑴. ·𐑦𐑟𐑚𐑯 9780648570509.

[7] ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑝𐑦𐑯𐑖𐑩𐑤𐑐𐑮𐑴𐑥𐑧𐑯𐑱𐑛 (19 𐑪𐑒𐑑𐑴𐑚𐑼 2023). "𐑞 𐑑𐑵 𐑕𐑥𐑷𐑤 𐑗𐑱𐑯𐑡𐑩𐑟 𐑞𐑨𐑑 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑥𐑱𐑒 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑕𐑵𐑑𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 𐑓 𐑥𐑨𐑕 𐑩𐑛𐑪𐑐𐑖𐑩𐑯". 𐑮/𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 28 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.

[8] ·𐑤𐑦𐑯𐑛𐑟𐑦, ·𐑡𐑧𐑓 (8 𐑥𐑸𐑗 2012). "𐑞 ·𐑚𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑦𐑖 ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑝𐑬𐑩𐑤 𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥". ·𐑦𐑙𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑖 𐑕𐑐𐑰𐑗 𐑕𐑻𐑝𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑟. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 28 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.

[9] ·𐑕𐑑𐑸𐑤𐑦𐑙, ·𐑜𐑨𐑯 ·𐑿𐑧𐑕𐑤𐑦. "𐑤𐑭 ·𐑕𐑱𐑝𐑩 ·𐑭𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑𐑴" [𐑞 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 ·𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑]. ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴.𐑳𐑕 (𐑦𐑯 ·𐑧𐑕𐑐𐑼𐑭𐑯𐑑𐑴). 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 18 𐑥𐑱 2022.

[10] "𐑮𐑦𐑝𐑲𐑟𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑭𐑚𐑡𐑭𐑛". 𐑢𐑢.𐑪𐑥𐑯𐑦𐑜𐑤𐑪𐑑.𐑒𐑪𐑥. 𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑮𐑰𐑝𐑛 29 𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑧𐑥𐑚𐑼 2024.

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𐑝 𐑑 𐑰 ·𐑡𐑹𐑡 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷
·𐑚𐑦𐑚𐑤𐑦𐑪𐑜𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑦
·𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑟	·𐑐𐑨𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱 ·𐑳𐑯 ·𐑐𐑧𐑑𐑦 ·𐑛𐑮𐑨𐑥 ·𐑢𐑦𐑛𐑴𐑼𐑟' ·𐑣𐑬𐑟𐑩𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑓𐑦𐑤𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑼𐑼 ·𐑥𐑕𐑟 ·𐑢𐑪𐑮𐑩𐑯'𐑟 ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑧𐑖𐑩𐑯 ·𐑸𐑥𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑨𐑯 ·𐑒𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑛𐑩 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑨𐑯 𐑝 ·𐑛𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑯𐑦 𐑿 ·𐑯𐑧𐑝𐑼 𐑒𐑨𐑯 ·𐑑𐑧𐑤 𐑞 ·𐑛𐑧𐑝𐑩𐑤'𐑟 ·𐑛𐑦𐑕𐑲𐑐𐑩𐑤 𐑞 ·𐑜𐑨𐑛𐑓𐑤𐑲 ·𐑕𐑰𐑟𐑼 𐑯 ·𐑒𐑤𐑦𐑴𐑐𐑨𐑑𐑮𐑩 ·𐑒𐑨𐑐𐑑𐑦𐑯 ·𐑚𐑮𐑭𐑕𐑚𐑬𐑯𐑛'𐑟 ·𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑻𐑠𐑩𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑨𐑛𐑥𐑼𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑤 ·𐑚𐑨𐑖𐑝𐑦𐑤 ·𐑥𐑨𐑯 𐑯 ·𐑕𐑵𐑐𐑼𐑥𐑨𐑯 ·𐑡𐑪𐑯 ·𐑚𐑫𐑤'𐑟 𐑳𐑞𐑼 ·𐑲𐑤𐑩𐑯𐑛 𐑣𐑬 ·𐑣𐑰 ·𐑤𐑲𐑛 𐑑 𐑣𐑻 ·𐑣𐑳𐑟𐑚𐑩𐑯𐑛 ·𐑥𐑱𐑡𐑼 ·𐑚𐑸𐑚𐑼𐑩 ·𐑐𐑨𐑖𐑩𐑯, ·𐑐𐑶𐑟𐑩𐑯, 𐑯 ·𐑐𐑧𐑑𐑮𐑦𐑓𐑨𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑛𐑪𐑒𐑑𐑼'𐑟 ·𐑛𐑦𐑤𐑧𐑥𐑩 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑼𐑤𐑵𐑛 𐑨𐑑 𐑞 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑣𐑬𐑕 ·𐑜𐑧𐑑𐑦𐑙 ·𐑥𐑨𐑮𐑦𐑛 𐑞 ·𐑖𐑴𐑦𐑙-𐑳𐑐 𐑝 ·𐑚𐑤𐑭𐑙𐑒𐑴 ·𐑐𐑴𐑟𐑯𐑧𐑑 ·𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑕 ·𐑒𐑳𐑑𐑦𐑙𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑓𐑨𐑕𐑦𐑯𐑱𐑑𐑦𐑙 ·𐑓𐑬𐑯𐑛𐑤𐑦𐑙 𐑞 ·𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑕 𐑝 ·𐑮𐑦𐑨𐑤𐑦𐑑𐑦 ·𐑥𐑦𐑕𐑩𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯𐑕 𐑞 ·𐑛𐑸𐑒 ·𐑤𐑱𐑛𐑦 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑕𐑪𐑯𐑩𐑑𐑕 ·𐑓𐑨𐑯𐑦'𐑟 ·𐑓𐑻𐑕𐑑 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱 ·𐑨𐑯𐑛𐑮𐑩𐑒𐑤𐑰𐑟 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑤𐑲𐑩𐑯 ·𐑴𐑝𐑼𐑮𐑵𐑤𐑛 ·𐑚𐑿𐑑𐑦'𐑟 ·𐑛𐑿𐑑𐑦 ·𐑐𐑦𐑜𐑥𐑱𐑤𐑾𐑯 ·𐑜𐑮𐑱𐑑 ·𐑒𐑨𐑔𐑼𐑦𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑿𐑟𐑦𐑒 ·𐑒𐑘𐑫𐑼 ·𐑴'𐑓𐑤𐑨𐑼𐑑𐑦 VC 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑙𐑒𐑩 𐑝 ·𐑐𐑼𐑵𐑕𐑩𐑤𐑧𐑥 ·𐑷𐑜𐑳𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑕 ·𐑛𐑳𐑟 ·𐑣𐑦𐑟 ·𐑚𐑦𐑑 ·𐑥𐑩𐑒𐑚𐑧𐑔 ·𐑕𐑒𐑦𐑑 ·𐑭𐑯𐑩𐑡𐑭𐑕𐑒𐑩, 𐑞 ·𐑚𐑴𐑤𐑖𐑧𐑝𐑦𐑒 ·𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑮𐑧𐑕 ·𐑣𐑸𐑑𐑚𐑮𐑱𐑒 ·𐑣𐑬𐑕 𐑚𐑨𐑒 𐑑 ·𐑥𐑦𐑔𐑵𐑟𐑩𐑤𐑩 𐑩 ·𐑜𐑤𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑕 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑛𐑩𐑥𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑕𐑦𐑑𐑦 𐑝 ·𐑓𐑮𐑨𐑙𐑒𐑤𐑦𐑯 ·𐑚𐑸𐑯𐑩𐑚𐑩𐑕 ·𐑡𐑦𐑑𐑩'𐑟 ·𐑩𐑑𐑴𐑯𐑥𐑩𐑯𐑑 ·𐑕𐑱𐑯𐑑 ·𐑡𐑴𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑨𐑐𐑩𐑤 ·𐑒𐑸𐑑 ·𐑑𐑵 ·𐑑𐑮𐑵 𐑑 𐑚𐑰 ·𐑜𐑫𐑛 𐑣𐑬 𐑞𐑰𐑟 ·𐑛𐑪𐑒𐑑𐑼𐑟 ·𐑤𐑳𐑝 ·𐑢𐑳𐑯 𐑩𐑯𐑳𐑞𐑼! ·𐑝𐑦𐑤𐑦𐑡 ·𐑢𐑵𐑦𐑙 𐑪𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑮𐑪𐑒𐑕 𐑞 ·𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑐𐑩𐑤𐑑𐑩𐑯 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑳𐑯𐑦𐑒𐑕𐑐𐑧𐑒𐑑𐑩𐑛 ·𐑲𐑤𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑕𐑦𐑒𐑕 𐑝 ·𐑒𐑨𐑤𐑱 𐑞 ·𐑥𐑦𐑤𐑘𐑩𐑯𐑺𐑩𐑕 ·𐑸𐑔𐑼 𐑯 𐑞 ·𐑨𐑕𐑩𐑑𐑴𐑯 ·𐑕𐑦𐑥𐑚𐑩𐑤𐑰𐑯 ·𐑮𐑰𐑓𐑦𐑯𐑦𐑖𐑑 ·𐑡𐑦𐑯𐑰𐑝𐑩 𐑦𐑯 ·𐑜𐑫𐑛 ·𐑒𐑦𐑙 ·𐑗𐑸𐑤𐑟'𐑩𐑟 ·𐑜𐑴𐑤𐑛𐑩𐑯 ·𐑛𐑱𐑟 𐑞 ·𐑚𐑮𐑦𐑑𐑦𐑖 ·𐑐𐑸𐑑𐑦 ·𐑕𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑩𐑥 ·𐑚𐑶𐑩𐑯𐑑 ·𐑚𐑦𐑤𐑘𐑩𐑯𐑟 ·𐑓𐑸𐑓𐑧𐑗𐑑 ·𐑓𐑱𐑚𐑩𐑤𐑟 ·𐑖𐑱𐑒𐑕 𐑝𐑻𐑕𐑩𐑕 ·𐑖𐑨𐑝 𐑢𐑲 𐑖𐑰 𐑢𐑫𐑛 𐑯𐑪𐑑
·𐑯𐑪𐑝𐑩𐑤𐑟	·𐑦𐑥𐑩𐑗𐑫𐑼𐑦𐑑𐑦 ·𐑤𐑳𐑝 ·𐑩𐑥𐑳𐑙 𐑞 ·𐑸𐑑𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑕 ·𐑒𐑨𐑖𐑩𐑤 ·𐑚𐑲𐑮𐑩𐑯'𐑟 ·𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑓𐑧𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑩𐑯 ·𐑳𐑯𐑕𐑴𐑖𐑩𐑤 ·𐑕𐑴𐑖𐑩𐑤𐑦𐑕𐑑
·𐑖𐑹𐑑 𐑕𐑑𐑹𐑦𐑟	𐑞 ·𐑩𐑛𐑝𐑧𐑯𐑗𐑼𐑟 𐑝 𐑞 ·𐑚𐑤𐑨𐑒 ·𐑜𐑻𐑤 𐑦𐑯 𐑣𐑻 ·𐑕𐑻𐑗 𐑓 ·𐑜𐑪𐑛
·𐑯𐑪𐑯-𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯	𐑞 ·𐑐𐑻𐑓𐑦𐑒𐑑 ·𐑝𐑭𐑜𐑯𐑼𐑲𐑑 𐑞 ·𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑤𐑦𐑡𐑩𐑯𐑑 ·𐑢𐑫𐑥𐑩𐑯'𐑟 ·𐑜𐑲𐑛 𐑑 ·𐑕𐑴𐑖𐑩𐑤𐑦𐑟𐑩𐑥 𐑯 ·𐑒𐑨𐑐𐑦𐑑𐑩𐑤𐑦𐑟𐑩𐑥 ·𐑒𐑢𐑦𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑕 𐑝 ·𐑦𐑚𐑕𐑩𐑯𐑦𐑟𐑩𐑥
·𐑮𐑦𐑤𐑱𐑑𐑩𐑛	·𐑖𐑸𐑤𐑩𐑑 ·𐑐𐑱𐑯-·𐑑𐑬𐑯𐑟𐑩𐑯𐑛 (𐑢𐑲𐑓) ·𐑖𐑷'𐑟 ·𐑒𐑹𐑯𐑼 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑔𐑾𐑑𐑼 ·𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 𐑨𐑤𐑓𐑩𐑚𐑧𐑑 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑓𐑧𐑕𐑑𐑦𐑝𐑩𐑤 (𐑐𐑮𐑩𐑛𐑳𐑒𐑖𐑩𐑯 𐑣𐑦𐑕𐑑𐑼𐑦) ·𐑡𐑹𐑡 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷: 𐑣𐑦𐑟 ·𐑐𐑤𐑱𐑟 ·𐑜𐑮𐑱𐑑 ·𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑑𐑧𐑥𐑐𐑼𐑼𐑦𐑟 ·𐑖𐑷: 𐑞 ·𐑨𐑯𐑿𐑩𐑤 𐑝 ·𐑚𐑻𐑯𐑸𐑛 ·𐑖𐑷 ·𐑕𐑑𐑳𐑛𐑦𐑟 ·𐑑𐑢𐑱𐑯 𐑯 ·𐑖𐑷 𐑛𐑵 ·𐑤𐑳𐑯𐑗